美國(guó)一直有問(wèn)題嗎?還是過(guò)去更好?
Has the United States always had problems or was it better in the past?譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友:當(dāng)然。和任何國(guó)家一樣,美國(guó)也總是面臨各種問(wèn)題,其中一些是最近才出現(xiàn)的。
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Has the United States always had problems or was it better in the past?
美國(guó)一直有問(wèn)題嗎?還是過(guò)去更好?
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Yes.
Like any nation, America always had problems and some of the problems it has now are recent.
America in 1950s
當(dāng)然。
和任何國(guó)家一樣,美國(guó)也總是面臨各種問(wèn)題,其中一些是最近才出現(xiàn)的。
美國(guó)在1950年代
20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代被理想化為黃金時(shí)代,那時(shí)候確實(shí)很好,前提是你是白人男性。如果你是白人女性,生活也許還算過(guò)得去。雖然你可能沒(méi)有獨(dú)立性,需要依靠丈夫從銀行借錢(qián)或處理其他事務(wù),除了做飯和照顧孩子,但生活中也有其好的一面。你知道《辛普森一家》的房子嗎?它有三間臥室,一個(gè)大客廳,一個(gè)車(chē)庫(kù),還有一個(gè)前院……辛普森一家擁有兩輛車(chē),而這一切都是靠一個(gè)沒(méi)有大學(xué)學(xué)位的工人的薪水來(lái)維持的。這在當(dāng)時(shí)是很正常的。對(duì)于20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代的白人家庭主婦來(lái)說(shuō),生活并不糟糕,當(dāng)然和今天相比有其缺點(diǎn),但相較于今天也有不少優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
然而,如果你是少數(shù)族裔,尤其是黑人,生活就非常艱難。他們被單獨(dú)挑出來(lái),生活在種族隔離的條件下,被剝奪了投票權(quán),社會(huì)流動(dòng)性極差。為他們指定的居住區(qū)域通常是最不適合居住的地方,而且?guī)缀鯖](méi)有公共資金投入到這些區(qū)域。
從1950年代和1960年代到現(xiàn)在,有些情況變得更糟,有些則有所改善?,F(xiàn)在,成為百萬(wàn)富翁或億萬(wàn)富翁是最佳時(shí)機(jī),因?yàn)樵谀莻€(gè)黃金時(shí)代,他們會(huì)被征收重稅。普通工人的處境則變得更糟,尤其是與過(guò)去相比。女性比過(guò)去更加獨(dú)立,現(xiàn)在要求女性在開(kāi)銀行賬戶(hù)時(shí)提供丈夫的簽名是不可想象的,這是一個(gè)積極的變化。如果你是少數(shù)族裔,盡管仍然有很多不足,情況也有所改善。
在保留20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代美好事物的同時(shí),改正那個(gè)時(shí)代的缺點(diǎn),是一個(gè)值得追求的目標(biāo)。
Yeah, 50 years ago…. tell me about it. We could not buy a house, because my wife was the only one with a “permanent” job. That did not count. My teaching at the local university was on a year-to-year bases. That did not count. Racial riots broke out and the national guard trained all its guns on the ghetto. But, we lived within bullet range across the street. So, we packed up our shit and left for Europe, a more civilized place. Very peaceful here.
是啊,50年前的事……跟我說(shuō)說(shuō)吧。那時(shí)我們買(mǎi)不起房子,因?yàn)槲移拮邮俏ㄒ挥小肮潭ā惫ぷ鞯?,但這并不算數(shù)。我在當(dāng)?shù)卮髮W(xué)的工作是按年續(xù)約的,這也沒(méi)什么用。種族騷亂爆發(fā),國(guó)民警衛(wèi)隊(duì)將所有武器對(duì)準(zhǔn)貧民區(qū),而我們就住在對(duì)面,正好在子彈射程內(nèi)。所以,我們收拾好行李,離開(kāi)了,去了歐洲,一個(gè)更文明的地方,這里非常和平。
The US race riots were .mostly 56–59 years ago,.except for LA, 1993
美國(guó)的種族暴動(dòng)大多數(shù)發(fā)生在56到59年前——除了1993年的洛杉磯。
1965 to 1968!
1965年到1968年!
The group who had it great in that period wasn't exactly white males. It was white cis-gender heterosexual protestant males with the right political leanings.
Overall, your answer is right of course.
EDIT: Cis a slur? Really now. Doesn't your holy book forbid bearing false witness, by the way?
EDIT 2: The reply that accused me of hate speech and mentioned the ‘Netherlands police’ had been notified seems to be gone. Oh well.
For those who don't know yet, cis- means same. Cis-gender means that the gender identity of some person matches the physical body. Cis-lunar is the opposite of trans-lunar, referring to the position of the Moon. It's just a Latin preposition, people. The word cissy/sissy is entirely unrelated.
在那個(gè)時(shí)期,受益最多的群體并不僅僅是白人男性,而是那些擁有正確政治傾向的白人順性別異性戀新教男性。當(dāng)然,你的回答總體上是正確的。
編輯:順性別是個(gè)侮辱詞嗎?真的?順便問(wèn)一下,你們的圣書(shū)不是禁止作假見(jiàn)證嗎?
編輯2:那個(gè)指責(zé)我仇恨言論并提到“荷蘭警方已被通知”的回復(fù)似乎不見(jiàn)了。好吧。
對(duì)于那些還不清楚的人來(lái)說(shuō),“cis-”是指“相同”。順性別是指某人的性別認(rèn)同與其生理性別一致。順月球是與“跨月球”相對(duì)的,指的是月球的位置。這只是一個(gè)拉丁語(yǔ)前綴,詞匯“cissy/sissy”完全沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
They had it best of course. But all white males had it pretty good overall.
他們當(dāng)然過(guò)得最好。但總的來(lái)說(shuō),所有白人男性都過(guò)得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)。
True.
確實(shí)。
In the 1950’s, I think most or at least quite many of us were sort of vaguely aware of Christine Jorgenson, one of our very first transgendereds, but I think she/he was seen as a super-rare once-ion-a-blue-moon oddity, a curious freak, but not a threat to anybody—I don;t think many people thought the “trans” phenomenon would ever become at all common or frrquent (except maybe a few science-fiction writers).
在1950年代,我想我們大多數(shù)人,或者至少相當(dāng)多的人,都隱約聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)克里斯汀·喬治森,她是我們最早的跨性別者之一,但我認(rèn)為她/他被視為一種超級(jí)罕見(jiàn)的、千載難逢的怪事,一個(gè)奇怪的怪物,但對(duì)任何人都不構(gòu)成威脅——我不認(rèn)為很多人會(huì)認(rèn)為“跨性別”現(xiàn)象會(huì)變得普遍或頻繁(也許只有少數(shù)科幻作家會(huì)這么想)。
That is because they are weirdos
那是因?yàn)樗麄兪枪秩恕?/b>
Is it reasonable to make up labels for groups of people without their consent?
在沒(méi)有他們同意的情況下為人群編造標(biāo)簽是合理的嗎?
And his Catholicism was a major negative issue in that campaign. It would be 60 years before another Catholic would be elected President.
他的天主教信仰在那次競(jìng)選中是一個(gè)主要的負(fù)面問(wèn)題。直到60年后才有另一位天主教徒當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。
Wouldn’t “cis” and “hetero” be redundant? I don’t like being labeled by things I haven’t labeled myself as. Why would the labelers want to be so dramatically hypocritical?
“順性別”和“異性戀”難道不是重復(fù)的定義嗎?我不喜歡被貼上那些我自己沒(méi)有選擇的標(biāo)簽。為什么給別人貼標(biāo)簽的人會(huì)如此明顯地表現(xiàn)出虛偽?
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
Do you identify with the gender you were assigned at birth? Then you are cisgender Are you exclusively attracted to people of the opposite gender? If so, you're likely heterosexual/romantic (you can identify otherwise, sexuality is just as odd as gender. However it's also more "open", by virtue of the fact that a door can swing any way it wants by virture of an accident) You don't get to pick the labels applied to you, you also don't just get to "opt out" of being heterosexual or "straight" if you prefer. Can't exactly stop your feelings, and everything needs a label
你認(rèn)同自己出生時(shí)被賦予的性別嗎?如果是,那你就是順性別。你是否只對(duì)異性產(chǎn)生吸引?如果是,那你可能是異性戀者(當(dāng)然,你可以有其他的認(rèn)同,性取向就像性別一樣復(fù)雜,但由于其本質(zhì),它通常更為“開(kāi)放”,因?yàn)槿藗兊那楦锌梢韵蛉魏畏较虬l(fā)展)。你無(wú)法選擇被貼上的標(biāo)簽,也不能選擇“擺脫”異性戀的身份。如果你產(chǎn)生的感覺(jué)就是那樣,那就沒(méi)法阻止。
Well, a transgender person who has had every possible treatment and operation is as close to their internal gender as they are going to get. It might with some reason be said they were transgender and are now cis-gender. I don't know if the transgender community itself agrees with that use of the word. In general, cis-gender just refers to people born with an innate experience that matches their body. The thing is that many people just think they are normal and then fell shocked there is even a term for them, for all it is neutral.
接受了所有可能治療和手術(shù)的跨性別者,與他們內(nèi)心性別的匹配程度是他們能達(dá)到的極限。從某種意義上說(shuō),可以說(shuō)他們?cè)强缧詣e者,現(xiàn)在是順性別者。我不知道跨性別者社區(qū)是否認(rèn)可這種用法。通常來(lái)說(shuō),順性別指的是那些與自己身體的內(nèi)在體驗(yàn)相匹配的人。問(wèn)題在于,許多人認(rèn)為自己是正常的,當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)還有一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)描述自己時(shí),會(huì)感到震驚,盡管這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是中性的。
No such a thing as cisgender.
沒(méi)有“順性別”這種說(shuō)法。
The 50’s and the 60’s were very different times. Combining the two is not easy because they were so different. The fifties was General Motors, Dow Chemical, IBM corporate life and rapid growth of the middle class. (A catchphrase of the day What’s good for GM, is good for the country. Paraphrase of CE Wilson) GI’s were using the GI Bill to get educated and others expanded family businesses etc. TV was taking over radio and movies as family entertainment. The main idea was to keep things going along as they were. Keep the consumer culture alive. Buy an “automatic” appliance and get rid of that old thing- whatever it was.
上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代和60年代是兩個(gè)截然不同的時(shí)代,將它們相提并論并不容易,因?yàn)樗鼈兊牟町悓?shí)在太大。50年代是通用汽車(chē)、陶氏化學(xué)、IBM等大公司的時(shí)代,也是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)迅速壯大的時(shí)期。那時(shí)流行一句話(huà):“通用汽車(chē)好,國(guó)家就好”,這是通用汽車(chē)CEO威爾遜的名言。二戰(zhàn)老兵們利用退伍軍人福利法案接受教育,其他人則擴(kuò)展家族生意。電視開(kāi)始取代廣播和電影,成為家庭娛樂(lè)的新寵。當(dāng)時(shí)的主流思想是保持現(xiàn)狀,維持消費(fèi)文化的活力,鼓勵(lì)人們購(gòu)買(mǎi)“自動(dòng)”電器,淘汰舊物品。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
隨著電視的普及,青少年文化也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。孩子們開(kāi)始追求獨(dú)立,娛樂(lè)業(yè)看中了青少年的可支配收入,這筆錢(qián)對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是無(wú)法抗拒的。于是,針對(duì)青少年的Top 40廣播應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。當(dāng)時(shí)的一位著名DJ布魯斯·莫羅曾開(kāi)玩笑說(shuō):“如果有人找到治療青春痘的方法,我們就要失業(yè)了!”而民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)在當(dāng)時(shí)大多數(shù)人看來(lái),不過(guò)是些噪音。
60年代真正開(kāi)始于約翰·F·肯尼迪的當(dāng)選。他年輕、英俊,有著美麗的妻子和可愛(ài)的孩子,他們象征著美國(guó)全新的方向?!扒嗄赀\(yùn)動(dòng)”開(kāi)始了!1964年,披頭士樂(lè)隊(duì)在埃德·沙利文秀上亮相,這標(biāo)志著在發(fā)型、服飾、音樂(lè)等各個(gè)方面的巨大文化變革的開(kāi)始。性、藥品和搖滾樂(lè)成為時(shí)代的標(biāo)志,1967年的“愛(ài)之夏”讓這個(gè)國(guó)家接觸到了嬉皮士文化。
The 1950s were quite tame compared to the upheavals of the 60s. I was alive for both decades and I remember seeing all kinds of stuff.
然而,60年代也有其陰暗面,包括肯尼迪和馬丁·路德·金的遇刺,以及遍布全國(guó)的種族暴動(dòng)。僅1967年,根據(jù)維基百科的記錄,就有27起暴動(dòng)。越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和大學(xué)校園里的反戰(zhàn)抗議也是那個(gè)時(shí)代的特色。“安全帽”向抗議者投擲瓶子,扯他們的長(zhǎng)發(fā)取樂(lè)。林登·約翰遜選擇不競(jìng)選連任,因?yàn)槊裰鼽h人正在分裂,而1968年在芝加哥舉行的全國(guó)代表大會(huì)外發(fā)生了騷亂。
與60年代的動(dòng)蕩相比,50年代顯得相當(dāng)平靜。我親身經(jīng)歷了這兩個(gè)十年,目睹了各種變遷。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
It is important in recognising why the 1950’s in the USA were a much better time for most Americans than today. The new deal increased taxes on the rich, and they paid their fair share, with the highest marginal rate of tax being 91%. World War 2, following on from the depression, had spurre the growth of the national debt to a historic high of 120% of GDP in 1946.
But 1947 to 1949 were surplus years, and by 1951, the debt had been paid down to 78% of GDP. The debt continued to shrink, with four surpluses during the 1950’s, so by 1960 it had fallen to 54% of GDP.
理解為什么1950年代對(duì)大多數(shù)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)比現(xiàn)在好得多是重要的。新政對(duì)富人增稅,他們支付了公平的份額,最高的邊際稅率達(dá)到了91%。繼大蕭條之后,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使得國(guó)債在1946年達(dá)到了GDP的120%的歷史最高點(diǎn)。
但是1947年到1949年是財(cái)政盈余的年份,到了1951年,債務(wù)已經(jīng)降至GDP的78%。隨著1950年代的四次財(cái)政盈余,債務(wù)繼續(xù)減少,到1960年已經(jīng)降到了GDP的54%。
The recession starting in 1959 led to the highest unemployment since the war, so the new Administration needed to get the economy moving.
在這段時(shí)間里,恰當(dāng)?shù)呢?cái)政、貨幣和稅收政策組合確保了國(guó)民收入和稅收負(fù)擔(dān)的公平分配,至少對(duì)于白人來(lái)說(shuō)是這樣,因此所有(白人)群體都能分享國(guó)家繁榮的成果。這帶來(lái)了最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),生活水平呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì)。
1959年開(kāi)始的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退導(dǎo)致了自戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái)最高的失業(yè)率,因此新一屆政府需要讓經(jīng)濟(jì)重新運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
肯尼迪總統(tǒng)提出了全面的減稅措施,將最高邊際稅率降至78%。這是美國(guó)最后一次能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起的減稅(里根、喬治·W·布什和特朗普實(shí)施的減稅措施是無(wú)法負(fù)擔(dān)的,并對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了災(zāi)難性后果),因?yàn)樗鼈兪故杖牒椭С鲞_(dá)到了平衡,只產(chǎn)生了微小的赤字。
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The extra demand spurred by these tax cuts caused economic growth to surge, and set the economy up for the prosperity of the mid- to late 60’s.
重要的是,雖然赤字導(dǎo)致債務(wù)總額每年都在增加,但相對(duì)于國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的比例卻在縮小,不過(guò)縮小的速度沒(méi)有預(yù)算盈余時(shí)快,因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)了債務(wù)增長(zhǎng)速度。此外,在這種情況下,盡管債務(wù)利息每年也在增加,但它在年度預(yù)算支出中所占的比例卻在減少,因?yàn)槎愂赵鲩L(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)了利息增長(zhǎng)速度。國(guó)債問(wèn)題得到了有效控制。
這些減稅措施帶來(lái)的額外需求促使經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)迅猛,為60年代中期到晚期的繁榮打下了基礎(chǔ)。
里根、喬治·W·布什和特朗普實(shí)施的減稅政策是災(zāi)難性的,因?yàn)檫@些政策導(dǎo)致國(guó)家債務(wù)迅速增長(zhǎng),增速遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),利息成本也隨之飆升,增長(zhǎng)速度大大超過(guò)稅收。在這種情況下,國(guó)家收入中越來(lái)越大的一部分必須用于償還債務(wù),而留給其他用途的比例則不斷減少。富人們繼續(xù)獲得超額的財(cái)富,而大多數(shù)美國(guó)人的生活水平卻在不斷下降。
No country has ever been able to continue indefinitely with its government debt growing faster than its economy. Greece, for example. Throughout history, this has been the classic cause of end-of-empire, where a great nation projects its military might around its region or the world, but eventually it must borrow in ever larger amounts due to the ever-expanding military budget. The eventual consequence is that it loses control of its debt and military spending has to be slashed, leading to reduced influence and diminished importance among the community of nations.
這就是自1981年以來(lái)大多數(shù)美國(guó)人不得不忍受生活水平下降的主要原因。沒(méi)
有哪個(gè)國(guó)家能在政府債務(wù)增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的情況下無(wú)限期維持下去,比如希臘??v觀歷史,這一直是帝國(guó)衰落的經(jīng)典原因:一個(gè)大國(guó)在其地區(qū)或全球展示軍事力量,但最終由于不斷擴(kuò)大的軍事預(yù)算,它不得不借入越來(lái)越多的資金。最終的結(jié)果是,它失去了對(duì)債務(wù)的控制,必須削減軍事支出,從而導(dǎo)致在國(guó)際社會(huì)中的影響力和重要性下降。
If this is not done, the USA will continue in decline towards eventual total collapse, and then the world order will be remade to suit the tastes of * and Vlad.
除非美國(guó)通過(guò)增加大量收入來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)算平衡,否則它將面臨這樣的命運(yùn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)必須恢復(fù)到可持續(xù)的財(cái)政軌道,確保經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度快于債務(wù)增長(zhǎng),稅收增長(zhǎng)速度快于利息增長(zhǎng)(實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)算盈余,債務(wù)金額也能減少則更好)。如果不采取這些措施,美國(guó)將繼續(xù)走向衰退,最終可能導(dǎo)致全面崩潰,屆時(shí)世界秩序?qū)?huì)被重新塑造,以適應(yīng)*和普京的利益。
So the question which needs to be asked is this: What caused this to happen?
我認(rèn)為1962年是美國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)和美國(guó)夢(mèng)的巔峰。我無(wú)法想象任何普通美國(guó)人會(huì)說(shuō)今天的生活條件在大多數(shù)人能負(fù)擔(dān)得起的體面生活方面比那時(shí)更好。因此,我們需要問(wèn)的問(wèn)題是:是什么導(dǎo)致了這種變化?
This guarantees ever-declining living standards for most Americans. And yet, they continue to vote Republican, contrary to their own vital interests. Why would ordinary people vote for the same candidates as the rich? It doesn’t make any sense.
如今,富人們多年來(lái)通過(guò)游說(shuō)者利用他們的財(cái)富和權(quán)力,確保政府的決策優(yōu)先考慮他們的利益,而不是全體人民的共同利益,享受越來(lái)越低的稅率和更大的稅收減免。這使得國(guó)家收入的分配極大地偏向他們,導(dǎo)致政府收入大幅減少,進(jìn)一步加劇了國(guó)家債務(wù)的增長(zhǎng)。
這使得大多數(shù)美國(guó)人的生活水平持續(xù)下降。然而,他們?nèi)匀贿x擇投票給共和黨,這與他們自身的切身利益背道而馳。為什么普通人會(huì)和富人投票給同樣的候選人呢?這怎么都說(shuō)不通啊。
When billionaires and millionaires were heavily taxed there were less inequality in society and workers had better lives. Nowadays billionaires pay almost no taxes at all while workers and customers pay for everything.
在億萬(wàn)富翁和百萬(wàn)富翁受到重稅時(shí),社會(huì)的不平等現(xiàn)象較少,工人的生活也更好。如今,億萬(wàn)富翁幾乎不需要繳納任何稅款,而工人和消費(fèi)者卻要承擔(dān)所有的費(fèi)用。
In 1966, skilled unx craftsmen earned $ 3.00/ hour, laborers $ 2.00/ hour. Our laborers bought houses in San Francisco with that wage.
在1966年,工會(huì)熟練的工匠的時(shí)薪為3.00美元,勞工的時(shí)薪為2.00美元。我們的勞工憑借這份工資在舊金山買(mǎi)得起房子。