美國一直有問題嗎?還是過去更好?

Has the United States always had problems or was it better in the past?

2024-09-30 遼闊天空 4672 10 5 收藏糾錯&舉報(bào)

譯文簡介

網(wǎng)友：當(dāng)然。和任何國家一樣，美國也總是面臨各種問題，其中一些是最近才出現(xiàn)的。

正文翻譯

Has the United States always had problems or was it better in the past?

美國一直有問題嗎?還是過去更好?

評論翻譯

Toma? Vargazon
Yes.
Like any nation, America always had problems and some of the problems it has now are recent.
America in 1950s

當(dāng)然。
和任何國家一樣，美國也總是面臨各種問題，其中一些是最近才出現(xiàn)的。
美國在1950年代

The 1950s and 60s, the ideolized golden age, were great, provided you were a white male. If you were a white female things were bearable I guess. You wouldn’t be independent and might need your husband to get money from a bank or do anything other than cook and care for children, but the life had upsides as well. Do you know the Simpsons house, from the Simpsons? It has three bedrooms, a large living room, a garage, a front yard … Simpsons have two cars and all that on a single salary of a worker without a college degree. This was normal at the time. Life for a white housewife in 1950s and 60s wasn’t terrible, it had downsides compared to today of course, but it also had upsides compared to today.

20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代被理想化為黃金時代，那時候確實(shí)很好，前提是你是白人男性。如果你是白人女性，生活也許還算過得去。雖然你可能沒有獨(dú)立性，需要依靠丈夫從銀行借錢或處理其他事務(wù)，除了做飯和照顧孩子，但生活中也有其好的一面。你知道《辛普森一家》的房子嗎？它有三間臥室，一個大客廳，一個車庫，還有一個前院……辛普森一家擁有兩輛車，而這一切都是靠一個沒有大學(xué)學(xué)位的工人的薪水來維持的。這在當(dāng)時是很正常的。對于20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代的白人家庭主婦來說，生活并不糟糕，當(dāng)然和今天相比有其缺點(diǎn)，但相較于今天也有不少優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

Being a minority on the other hand was terrible. Black in particular were singled out, held in appartheid conditions, refused the right to vote, with abysmal social mobility. Areas designated for their settlements were pretty much always the worst areas to settle, with little to no public spending devoted to those areas.

然而，如果你是少數(shù)族裔，尤其是黑人，生活就非常艱難。他們被單獨(dú)挑出來，生活在種族隔離的條件下，被剝奪了投票權(quán)，社會流動性極差。為他們指定的居住區(qū)域通常是最不適合居住的地方，而且?guī)缀鯖]有公共資金投入到這些區(qū)域。

Since 1950s and 60s some things got worse, some got better. It’s now prime time to be a millionare or billionare, they were heavily taxed during the golden era. Ordinary workers have it worse, much worse. Women are more independent than they were back then, it’s now unthinkable to ask a woman for her husband’s signature when she tries to open a bank account and that’s a good thing. Things are better if you’re a minority too, although still far from ideal.

從1950年代和1960年代到現(xiàn)在，有些情況變得更糟，有些則有所改善?，F(xiàn)在，成為百萬富翁或億萬富翁是最佳時機(jī)，因?yàn)樵谀莻€黃金時代，他們會被征收重稅。普通工人的處境則變得更糟，尤其是與過去相比。女性比過去更加獨(dú)立，現(xiàn)在要求女性在開銀行賬戶時提供丈夫的簽名是不可想象的，這是一個積極的變化。如果你是少數(shù)族裔，盡管仍然有很多不足，情況也有所改善。

Bringing back the good things from 1950s and 60s while preserving the corrections of the downsides of that era is a worthy goal to strive for.

在保留20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代美好事物的同時，改正那個時代的缺點(diǎn)，是一個值得追求的目標(biāo)。

Fredric Henning
Yeah, 50 years ago…. tell me about it. We could not buy a house, because my wife was the only one with a “permanent” job. That did not count. My teaching at the local university was on a year-to-year bases. That did not count. Racial riots broke out and the national guard trained all its guns on the ghetto. But, we lived within bullet range across the street. So, we packed up our shit and left for Europe, a more civilized place. Very peaceful here.

是啊，50年前的事……跟我說說吧。那時我們買不起房子，因?yàn)槲移拮邮俏ㄒ挥小肮潭ā惫ぷ鞯模@并不算數(shù)。我在當(dāng)?shù)卮髮W(xué)的工作是按年續(xù)約的，這也沒什么用。種族騷亂爆發(fā)，國民警衛(wèi)隊(duì)將所有武器對準(zhǔn)貧民區(qū)，而我們就住在對面，正好在子彈射程內(nèi)。所以，我們收拾好行李，離開了，去了歐洲，一個更文明的地方，這里非常和平。

Kevin Goetz
The US race riots were .mostly 56–59 years ago,.except for LA, 1993

美國的種族暴動大多數(shù)發(fā)生在56到59年前——除了1993年的洛杉磯。

Thomas Jackson
1965 to 1968!

1965年到1968年！

Maarten van den Driest
The group who had it great in that period wasn't exactly white males. It was white cis-gender heterosexual protestant males with the right political leanings.
Overall, your answer is right of course.
EDIT: Cis a slur? Really now. Doesn't your holy book forbid bearing false witness, by the way?
EDIT 2: The reply that accused me of hate speech and mentioned the ‘Netherlands police’ had been notified seems to be gone. Oh well.
For those who don't know yet, cis- means same. Cis-gender means that the gender identity of some person matches the physical body. Cis-lunar is the opposite of trans-lunar, referring to the position of the Moon. It's just a Latin preposition, people. The word cissy/sissy is entirely unrelated.

在那個時期，受益最多的群體并不僅僅是白人男性，而是那些擁有正確政治傾向的白人順性別異性戀新教男性。當(dāng)然，你的回答總體上是正確的。
編輯：順性別是個侮辱詞嗎？真的？順便問一下，你們的圣書不是禁止作假見證嗎？
編輯2：那個指責(zé)我仇恨言論并提到“荷蘭警方已被通知”的回復(fù)似乎不見了。好吧。
對于那些還不清楚的人來說，“cis-”是指“相同”。順性別是指某人的性別認(rèn)同與其生理性別一致。順月球是與“跨月球”相對的，指的是月球的位置。這只是一個拉丁語前綴，詞匯“cissy/sissy”完全沒有關(guān)系。

Toma? Vargazon
They had it best of course. But all white males had it pretty good overall.

他們當(dāng)然過得最好。但總的來說，所有白人男性都過得相當(dāng)不錯。

Maarten van den Driest
True.

確實(shí)。

Peter Park
In the 1950’s, I think most or at least quite many of us were sort of vaguely aware of Christine Jorgenson, one of our very first transgendereds, but I think she/he was seen as a super-rare once-ion-a-blue-moon oddity, a curious freak, but not a threat to anybody—I don;t think many people thought the “trans” phenomenon would ever become at all common or frrquent (except maybe a few science-fiction writers).

在1950年代，我想我們大多數(shù)人，或者至少相當(dāng)多的人，都隱約聽說過克里斯汀·喬治森，她是我們最早的跨性別者之一，但我認(rèn)為她/他被視為一種超級罕見的、千載難逢的怪事，一個奇怪的怪物，但對任何人都不構(gòu)成威脅——我不認(rèn)為很多人會認(rèn)為“跨性別”現(xiàn)象會變得普遍或頻繁（也許只有少數(shù)科幻作家會這么想）。

Thomas Southerland
That is because they are weirdos

那是因?yàn)樗麄兪枪秩恕?/b>

Ben Synnock
Is it reasonable to make up labels for groups of people without their consent?

在沒有他們同意的情況下為人群編造標(biāo)簽是合理的嗎？

John Boebinger
And his Catholicism was a major negative issue in that campaign. It would be 60 years before another Catholic would be elected President.

他的天主教信仰在那次競選中是一個主要的負(fù)面問題。直到60年后才有另一位天主教徒當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。

J Schmidt
Wouldn’t “cis” and “hetero” be redundant? I don’t like being labeled by things I haven’t labeled myself as. Why would the labelers want to be so dramatically hypocritical?

“順性別”和“異性戀”難道不是重復(fù)的定義嗎？我不喜歡被貼上那些我自己沒有選擇的標(biāo)簽。為什么給別人貼標(biāo)簽的人會如此明顯地表現(xiàn)出虛偽？
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

Kane
Do you identify with the gender you were assigned at birth? Then you are cisgender Are you exclusively attracted to people of the opposite gender? If so, you're likely heterosexual/romantic (you can identify otherwise, sexuality is just as odd as gender. However it's also more "open", by virtue of the fact that a door can swing any way it wants by virture of an accident) You don't get to pick the labels applied to you, you also don't just get to "opt out" of being heterosexual or "straight" if you prefer. Can't exactly stop your feelings, and everything needs a label

你認(rèn)同自己出生時被賦予的性別嗎？如果是，那你就是順性別。你是否只對異性產(chǎn)生吸引？如果是，那你可能是異性戀者（當(dāng)然，你可以有其他的認(rèn)同，性取向就像性別一樣復(fù)雜，但由于其本質(zhì)，它通常更為“開放”，因?yàn)槿藗兊那楦锌梢韵蛉魏畏较虬l(fā)展）。你無法選擇被貼上的標(biāo)簽，也不能選擇“擺脫”異性戀的身份。如果你產(chǎn)生的感覺就是那樣，那就沒法阻止。

Maarten van den Driest
Well, a transgender person who has had every possible treatment and operation is as close to their internal gender as they are going to get. It might with some reason be said they were transgender and are now cis-gender. I don't know if the transgender community itself agrees with that use of the word. In general, cis-gender just refers to people born with an innate experience that matches their body. The thing is that many people just think they are normal and then fell shocked there is even a term for them, for all it is neutral.

接受了所有可能治療和手術(shù)的跨性別者，與他們內(nèi)心性別的匹配程度是他們能達(dá)到的極限。從某種意義上說，可以說他們曾是跨性別者，現(xiàn)在是順性別者。我不知道跨性別者社區(qū)是否認(rèn)可這種用法。通常來說，順性別指的是那些與自己身體的內(nèi)在體驗(yàn)相匹配的人。問題在于，許多人認(rèn)為自己是正常的，當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)還有一個術(shù)語來描述自己時，會感到震驚，盡管這個術(shù)語是中性的。

A.S.
No such a thing as cisgender.

沒有“順性別”這種說法。

Just a Nother Joe
The 50’s and the 60’s were very different times. Combining the two is not easy because they were so different. The fifties was General Motors, Dow Chemical, IBM corporate life and rapid growth of the middle class. (A catchphrase of the day What’s good for GM, is good for the country. Paraphrase of CE Wilson) GI’s were using the GI Bill to get educated and others expanded family businesses etc. TV was taking over radio and movies as family entertainment. The main idea was to keep things going along as they were. Keep the consumer culture alive. Buy an “automatic” appliance and get rid of that old thing- whatever it was.

上個世紀(jì)50年代和60年代是兩個截然不同的時代，將它們相提并論并不容易，因?yàn)樗鼈兊牟町悓?shí)在太大。50年代是通用汽車、陶氏化學(xué)、IBM等大公司的時代，也是中產(chǎn)階級迅速壯大的時期。那時流行一句話：“通用汽車好，國家就好”，這是通用汽車CEO威爾遜的名言。二戰(zhàn)老兵們利用退伍軍人福利法案接受教育，其他人則擴(kuò)展家族生意。電視開始取代廣播和電影，成為家庭娛樂的新寵。當(dāng)時的主流思想是保持現(xiàn)狀，維持消費(fèi)文化的活力，鼓勵人們購買“自動”電器，淘汰舊物品。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

Along with the growing popularity of TV was a teenager culture. Kids began pushing for independence. Targeted by the entertainment industry, the disposable income of teens was irresistible. Top 40 radio was born and aimed at kids. A Disc Jockey from that time, Bruce Morrow once said “if they ever find a cure for pimples, we’re out of business!” And the civil rights movement was just noise to most people.

隨著電視的普及，青少年文化也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。孩子們開始追求獨(dú)立，娛樂業(yè)看中了青少年的可支配收入，這筆錢對他們來說是無法抗拒的。于是，針對青少年的Top 40廣播應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。當(dāng)時的一位著名DJ布魯斯·莫羅曾開玩笑說：“如果有人找到治療青春痘的方法，我們就要失業(yè)了！”而民權(quán)運(yùn)動在當(dāng)時大多數(shù)人看來，不過是些噪音。

The sixties really began with John F Kennedy. Young, handsome, and a beautiful young wife, two cute kids, they heralded a whole new direction for America. The “Youth Movement” was underway! The Beatles appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964. That was the beginning of huge cultural change in hair, clothes, music, everything else. Sex Drugs and Rock and Roll and the first Human Be-in in’67 and the country was exposed to hippies. It was the Summer of Love.

60年代真正開始于約翰·F·肯尼迪的當(dāng)選。他年輕、英俊，有著美麗的妻子和可愛的孩子，他們象征著美國全新的方向?！扒嗄赀\(yùn)動”開始了！1964年，披頭士樂隊(duì)在埃德·沙利文秀上亮相，這標(biāo)志著在發(fā)型、服飾、音樂等各個方面的巨大文化變革的開始。性、藥品和搖滾樂成為時代的標(biāo)志，1967年的“愛之夏”讓這個國家接觸到了嬉皮士文化。

On the dark side of the sixties were the assassinations of JFK and MLK. Race riots were all over the country. 27 in 1967 alone according to Wikipedia. The war in Vietnam and the anti war protests in college campuses. The Hard Hats pelted protesters with bottles and pulled on their long hair for fun. Lyndon Johnson chose not to run for reelection because the Democrats were tearing themselves apart while rioting was going on outside the ‘68 convention in Chicago.
The 1950s were quite tame compared to the upheavals of the 60s. I was alive for both decades and I remember seeing all kinds of stuff.

然而，60年代也有其陰暗面，包括肯尼迪和馬丁·路德·金的遇刺，以及遍布全國的種族暴動。僅1967年，根據(jù)維基百科的記錄，就有27起暴動。越南戰(zhàn)爭和大學(xué)校園里的反戰(zhàn)抗議也是那個時代的特色?！鞍踩薄毕蚩棺h者投擲瓶子，扯他們的長發(fā)取樂。林登·約翰遜選擇不競選連任，因?yàn)槊裰鼽h人正在分裂，而1968年在芝加哥舉行的全國代表大會外發(fā)生了騷亂。
與60年代的動蕩相比，50年代顯得相當(dāng)平靜。我親身經(jīng)歷了這兩個十年，目睹了各種變遷。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

Save Your Bacon
It is important in recognising why the 1950’s in the USA were a much better time for most Americans than today. The new deal increased taxes on the rich, and they paid their fair share, with the highest marginal rate of tax being 91%. World War 2, following on from the depression, had spurre the growth of the national debt to a historic high of 120% of GDP in 1946.
But 1947 to 1949 were surplus years, and by 1951, the debt had been paid down to 78% of GDP. The debt continued to shrink, with four surpluses during the 1950’s, so by 1960 it had fallen to 54% of GDP.

理解為什么1950年代對大多數(shù)美國人來說比現(xiàn)在好得多是重要的。新政對富人增稅，他們支付了公平的份額，最高的邊際稅率達(dá)到了91%。繼大蕭條之后，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使得國債在1946年達(dá)到了GDP的120%的歷史最高點(diǎn)。
但是1947年到1949年是財(cái)政盈余的年份，到了1951年，債務(wù)已經(jīng)降至GDP的78%。隨著1950年代的四次財(cái)政盈余，債務(wù)繼續(xù)減少，到1960年已經(jīng)降到了GDP的54%。

During this period, the right combination of fiscal, monetary and tax policies ensured a distribution of the national income and tax burden which was fair to everyone, as long as they were white, so all (white) groups had a share in the nation’s prosperity. This afforded the maximum possible economic growth, leading to an upward trend in living standards.
The recession starting in 1959 led to the highest unemployment since the war, so the new Administration needed to get the economy moving.

在這段時間里，恰當(dāng)?shù)呢?cái)政、貨幣和稅收政策組合確保了國民收入和稅收負(fù)擔(dān)的公平分配，至少對于白人來說是這樣，因此所有（白人）群體都能分享國家繁榮的成果。這帶來了最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，生活水平呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。
1959年開始的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退導(dǎo)致了自戰(zhàn)爭以來最高的失業(yè)率，因此新一屆政府需要讓經(jīng)濟(jì)重新運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

President Kennedy asked for across-the-board tax cuts which reduced the maximum marginal rate to 78%. These were the last tax cuts which were affordable for the USA (the cuts implemented by Reagan, George W. and Trump were not affordable and had disastrous consequences for the economy) because they brought revenue and outlays into balance, with small deficits.

肯尼迪總統(tǒng)提出了全面的減稅措施，將最高邊際稅率降至78%。這是美國最后一次能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起的減稅（里根、喬治·W·布什和特朗普實(shí)施的減稅措施是無法負(fù)擔(dān)的，并對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了災(zāi)難性后果），因?yàn)樗鼈兪故杖牒椭С鲞_(dá)到了平衡，只產(chǎn)生了微小的赤字。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nationgridbenifitservices.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

Importantly, although the deficits caused the debt to grow each year in the dollar amount, it continued to shrink as a proportion of GDP, although at a slower rate than when the budget was in surplus, because the economy was growing faster than the debt. Moreover, in this situation, although interest on the debt also grew each year, it was shrinking as a proportion of each year’s budget outlays, because taxes were growing faster than interest. The national debt was a problem which was contained.
The extra demand spurred by these tax cuts caused economic growth to surge, and set the economy up for the prosperity of the mid- to late 60’s.

重要的是，雖然赤字導(dǎo)致債務(wù)總額每年都在增加，但相對于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）的比例卻在縮小，不過縮小的速度沒有預(yù)算盈余時快，因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)增長速度超過了債務(wù)增長速度。此外，在這種情況下，盡管債務(wù)利息每年也在增加，但它在年度預(yù)算支出中所占的比例卻在減少，因?yàn)槎愂赵鲩L速度超過了利息增長速度。國債問題得到了有效控制。
這些減稅措施帶來的額外需求促使經(jīng)濟(jì)增長迅猛，為60年代中期到晚期的繁榮打下了基礎(chǔ)。

The tax cuts implemented under Reagan, George W. and Trump were disastrous because they caused the growth of the national debt to surge, with it growing much faster than the economy, and the cost of interest to also surge, growing muchg faster than tax revenues. In this situation, and ever-increasing proportion of the national income must be expended servicing the debt, leaving an ever-reducing proportion to serve as the national income. The rich continue to get their oversized share, while most other Americans are plagued with ever-declining living standards.

里根、喬治·W·布什和特朗普實(shí)施的減稅政策是災(zāi)難性的，因?yàn)檫@些政策導(dǎo)致國家債務(wù)迅速增長，增速遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，利息成本也隨之飆升，增長速度大大超過稅收。在這種情況下，國家收入中越來越大的一部分必須用于償還債務(wù)，而留給其他用途的比例則不斷減少。富人們繼續(xù)獲得超額的財(cái)富，而大多數(shù)美國人的生活水平卻在不斷下降。

This is the principal reason for the slide in living standards which most Americans have had to endure since 1981.
No country has ever been able to continue indefinitely with its government debt growing faster than its economy. Greece, for example. Throughout history, this has been the classic cause of end-of-empire, where a great nation projects its military might around its region or the world, but eventually it must borrow in ever larger amounts due to the ever-expanding military budget. The eventual consequence is that it loses control of its debt and military spending has to be slashed, leading to reduced influence and diminished importance among the community of nations.

這就是自1981年以來大多數(shù)美國人不得不忍受生活水平下降的主要原因。沒
有哪個國家能在政府債務(wù)增長速度超過經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的情況下無限期維持下去，比如希臘。縱觀歷史，這一直是帝國衰落的經(jīng)典原因：一個大國在其地區(qū)或全球展示軍事力量，但最終由于不斷擴(kuò)大的軍事預(yù)算，它不得不借入越來越多的資金。最終的結(jié)果是，它失去了對債務(wù)的控制，必須削減軍事支出，從而導(dǎo)致在國際社會中的影響力和重要性下降。

This is the fate in store for the USA unless it moves its budget towards balance by raising a great deal more revenue. The economy must be restored to a sustainable fiscal trajectory where the economy is growing faster than the debt and tax revenue is growing faster than interest (a budget in surplus, so the debt can shrink in the dollar amount as well would be even better.
If this is not done, the USA will continue in decline towards eventual total collapse, and then the world order will be remade to suit the tastes of * and Vlad.

除非美國通過增加大量收入來實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)算平衡，否則它將面臨這樣的命運(yùn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)必須恢復(fù)到可持續(xù)的財(cái)政軌道，確保經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度快于債務(wù)增長，稅收增長速度快于利息增長（實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)算盈余，債務(wù)金額也能減少則更好）。如果不采取這些措施，美國將繼續(xù)走向衰退，最終可能導(dǎo)致全面崩潰，屆時世界秩序?qū)恢匦滤茉欤赃m應(yīng)*和普京的利益。

I regard the year 1962 as the high point of the American Experiment, and the American Dream. I can’t imagine any ordinary American saying that conditions today are better than they were then, in terms of affordability of a decent lifestyle for most people.
So the question which needs to be asked is this: What caused this to happen?

我認(rèn)為1962年是美國實(shí)驗(yàn)和美國夢的巔峰。我無法想象任何普通美國人會說今天的生活條件在大多數(shù)人能負(fù)擔(dān)得起的體面生活方面比那時更好。因此，我們需要問的問題是：是什么導(dǎo)致了這種變化？

The rich nowadays and for many years have been using their wealth and power through their lobbyists to ensure the process of government puts their interests ahead of the common good of all, with ever-lower taxes and ever-greater tax breaks. This has shifted the distribution of the national income overwhelmingly in their favor and resulted in revenue being slashed, spurring the growth of the national debt.
This guarantees ever-declining living standards for most Americans. And yet, they continue to vote Republican, contrary to their own vital interests. Why would ordinary people vote for the same candidates as the rich? It doesn’t make any sense.

如今，富人們多年來通過游說者利用他們的財(cái)富和權(quán)力，確保政府的決策優(yōu)先考慮他們的利益，而不是全體人民的共同利益，享受越來越低的稅率和更大的稅收減免。這使得國家收入的分配極大地偏向他們，導(dǎo)致政府收入大幅減少，進(jìn)一步加劇了國家債務(wù)的增長。
這使得大多數(shù)美國人的生活水平持續(xù)下降。然而，他們?nèi)匀贿x擇投票給共和黨，這與他們自身的切身利益背道而馳。為什么普通人會和富人投票給同樣的候選人呢?這怎么都說不通啊。

Peeter P?ldmaa
When billionaires and millionaires were heavily taxed there were less inequality in society and workers had better lives. Nowadays billionaires pay almost no taxes at all while workers and customers pay for everything.

在億萬富翁和百萬富翁受到重稅時，社會的不平等現(xiàn)象較少，工人的生活也更好。如今，億萬富翁幾乎不需要繳納任何稅款，而工人和消費(fèi)者卻要承擔(dān)所有的費(fèi)用。

Bill Pelton
In 1966, skilled unx craftsmen earned $ 3.00/ hour, laborers $ 2.00/ hour. Our laborers bought houses in San Francisco with that wage.

在1966年，工會熟練的工匠的時薪為3.00美元，勞工的時薪為2.00美元。我們的勞工憑借這份工資在舊金山買得起房子。

美國問題過去

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